????(éù?÷￡o?ˉó?????1ú?????ü?ˉ?·???????-êé??êúè¨)
????oüéùó?ò?±?êé￡??ü????oì?￥???·ò??ùò?·￠è?′??àμ??ùòé?￡′óêé??μ?è???μ??÷??￡?′ó?á11μ??á??￡??a2????μá???è???μ???í???±è?ü?ù?′μ?μ??úè??à?￡??è?ò??§è?????ó?ò??§??1??·à×ì?￡?í??ù￡?ò??§??è?????ò2ó?ò??§2???oì?￥???·
?????? ±??ˉ????/???1
?????3???ú?àμ???oì?￥???·ê±???μ￡??°?-?§?ò?′????ò×?·￡?μà?§?ò?′??òù￡?2?×ó?′??2??à￡????ü?ò?′?????ú￡?á÷???ò?′??1?????ê????±
????′ó??oì?￥???·μ?éúμ????úμ?á?°ù?à?êμ?ê±??à?(?′±?ê??aò?μ?ò2í??ù??ó?12ê?)￡?′óà′??ó?ò???1?μ??ü1?íêè?o?àíμ??μ·??ùó??á??￡?é??á?ü???1ê?·?ê?ò?2????μò2êüè??3òé?￡ê±?á??è?￡?è????ü1?è·è?μ???ò?μ?￡??′????′ó???????è￡???oì?￥???·??3?μ?é?ê???1úàúê·é?×?3?é?μ????§×÷?·??ò??￡
????2?2a??￡o1êê?±3?°3?×?o?′|￡?
????×???±éμ??′·¨ê?￡????úá÷′?1?·oμ???oì?￥???·ê?óé??′úóo?￠??ê±?úμ???è?2ü?????′3é?￡??oì?￥???·3éêéoó￡???ò?ê?3-±?μ???ê??úé?2?é??áá÷′?￡??±μ????????ê￡?2?óéê±è?3ì?°?a?￠???êó?????×??ˉó?3?°?￡?????·??òè?1ú?￡
????3ì?￠????è??ú?ˉó???oì?￥???·ê±ìáμ?￡?????????μ??°°?ê?????±?￡???oó?-1????????°￡??òμ?ò???2???￡??-1???21￡?×?????3éμ±??3￡??μ?ò?°ù??ê???±?μ???oì?￥???·?￡
??????è?3ì?°?a?ù′|μ??ê′úó?2ü?????àè￥2???￡?μ???ê±￡?ó?1???oì?￥???·×÷??μ??é???íò?????á??￡3ì?°?a?ú?ò????ìáμ?￡??°??oì?￥???·???μ±?????êˉí·???·￡?×÷???à′?2?ò?￡????′?a3?×?o?è?￡???êé?ú??????2ü?èéúé???ê?1??￡?±???a2??°?′?a3?×?o?è??±μ?êé??￡?×??ü?ˉó????°?íò?ê??°o?ê?????′?3-ò?2?￡????íê???￡?°o???μμ?ê?ê???￡??é??2?????×???òó?±?￡
????óéóú??oì?￥???·?????úè?oíê?·¨??ó?′??°′?í3???μ′ó?à??í￥￡?òò′?ò?·￠2?éù2?2a?￡
????μ±ê±?íó?è??à??￡???oì?￥???·?è?′μ?ê??°?÷?é?òê??±?￡?÷?éê??μ??ê±′úμ?′ó?§ê?￡????-?ú???¨?°è?·a???ò?±ê±á￠??1|àí?￡???÷?é??×ó?éà???μ??òê???3?????μ?′êè?￡????§?ìòèoü??￡??ó???÷?é?ò??o?μ?????μ???￡??éà???μ?ó?ê??aêàè??ù?aμ??à3?é???μ????ò×óμü￡?òò′?oüè?ò×è?è?áa??μ???oì?￥???·μ??÷????±|ó??￡
????áíía?1ó?ò???á÷′?1?·oμ??′·¨ê?￡???oì?￥???·?è?′μ?ê???êà×??3??ó??-??í?????μ?°??é1êê??￡óéóú????ò??±′??ú?3??òò?-???ú??3??òμ?′??μ￡?òò′?è??a??±|ó?μ?3??ò?íê?ó°é??3???êμ?3??ò￡???á?÷ìó????à?òê????-??í????à?￡
?????°?á??????3?￡??é?-??ó??????ì×ó?àμ???è?￡?×??2?á??oì?￥???·?￡ò?′?￡??óó??ê??￡o?°?èéú????o??-￡??±??′?μ?￡o?°?á???-?§￡??μéùò?oáè??ú???￡?±?óó?2??a￡????μ￡o?°????￡??á?ùר1￥??￡?????oì?§?ˉò2?￡?±?á′?￡????á??oì?￥???·?ú??è?μ±??￡??íó?á????°oì?§?±μ??μ·¨?￡
????μ?????oì?￥???·μ??a?á￡?ó°?ì??′óμ??1ê???1ú3??êμ????ˉ??è?2ì?a?à￡????ú1917?ê3?°???êˉí·???÷ò??·??è??a￡???oì?￥???·ê?ò?2????????μ￡?±?òa?ú?°μ??÷??í?￡??ò????ê§?±?￡êé??μ?×????á??￡???ê?ò?ó÷???aoo￡????a?ú?￡??oì?￥???·??μ??????òê?????3ˉ￡????ò?????÷òa??????ó|μ?ê???3ˉμ?áù2?￡???êé???????òê??÷????3?μ?ê???oo×??°??ê??±?￡
?????°?÷ò??±±?ê?1?è??ú?a?á??ê·???·ê±￡???ò???ò?o??ú????μ?é?òa?óò?2?êí×￠?a?￡2ì?a?à?°??oóà′ò????§??ò2??ê?ê?í?ó??a?ùμ?·?·¨￡?1′à?3?ò?o??ú??oì?￥???·±3oóμ?àúê·??êμ?￡òò??ò2±?è?3?×÷á??°?÷ò??é?±?￡
????òéμ???￡o?ù±|ó??a??????￡?
????2ì?a?àμ?1?μ?3???2???￡????ú±±??′ó?§μ?í?ê?oúêê?í×???·′2μ?￡1921?ê￡?oúêê·￠±í??oì?￥?????¤?·ò???￡???àúà′ò???μ?ò????μ·¨?????????￡oúêê?èê?·′2μ?°?÷ò??é?±μ?1?μ?￡?????′ó???¤2ü?????òêà?aê??????￡
????oúêê·￠??2ü?????úàúê·é?è·ó???è?￡???ê??μ??ê±?ú?-???ˉ?ì2üòúμ???×ó￡?2ü?òó??μ???êμ?ó?×??§??íò??μ?1??μ￡????-??′??ó′????2μ??μ??￡?μ?á?óo??ê±?ú￡?2ü?òòò?a?????÷??±?3-?ò￡?2ü?òòò′??￥???￡
?????aò?óéê￠???￥μ?1?3ìó???oì?￥???·???è?′μ????òμ??aó??????à??￡?áíía￡?′ó2ü????o?ó?μ?ê?????￡?ò2?ü?′3?2ü?????üê?é??-￡?μ?íí?°?àá1￡??aó?êé????±|ó?μ????óò2???a·?o??￡òò′?￡?oúêêí???￡???oì?￥???·??ê?2ü?????ù??×??o?òêà×??′μ?ò?2?×÷?·￡?2￠2?ê??÷ò??ò???ùìá3?μ?·′??μ??÷μ?×÷?·￡???ê?ò?2??°×?è??÷ò?μ??ü×÷?±?°à?à?êμêμμ??è?′?aò?????×?3?é????ˉ??ê÷μ1a?á?é￠?ˉμ?×?è??÷ê??￡?±???1ìáμ?￡??°??oì?￥???·ê?ò?2?ò?è￥??ê?μ?×???￡oà???μ????￠??á?±|ó?￡??′ê?2ü????×??oμ??ˉéí￡????￠??á????′ê?μ±è?2ü?òμ?ó°×ó?￡?±
????oúêêμ??°×????μ?±ò?·￠±í￡??íμ?μ?á?èèáòμ???ó|￡?òò?????üμ????¤oí?à??3?·?μ??μ·?á|±?1?·oè?í??￡?ú??oó2????3??3?°?μ?????1ú???μê·???·??￡?ò2?????òóúoúêêμ??°×????μ?±?￡???′μ?￡??°è?????oì?￥???·??×÷??×???￡?ó?±?êé?a?a??o???￡????μ??3?êμ×??è￡???è·?¨·′×?oó?￡?±
?????°×????μ?±?úoü′ó3ì?èé?ó°?ìá?oóà′μ???????￡?°üà¨???????§?òóá??2?￡?oóà′μ??°oì?§?±′ó?ò?üèê2???êüμ?á?oúêê1?μ?oüé?μ?ó°?ì?￡oóà′???????1í???3?￡?2ü????íí?ê???ó×??ú±±???÷????é?ò?′??￡
????μ?ê?￡?óéóúoúêê±?è??ú?¨1úoóò??±′|óú±??ú??μ?μ???￡??°×????μ?±ò2??2?±??×???·?ù???ùì?′ú￡?????ò??×??·???μ?·?·¨￡?è??a??oì?￥???·ê?ò?2?3??ú?ú????é?μ?????àúê·???μ￡?·′ó3μ?ê?·a?¨í3???×??oí·a?¨???èoú°μ?￠?ˉ?àμ??÷??·???￡??°2￠·???±??ò×??￠??±?è???μ?êμê??????￡?±
????????oó￡??a??ò??×????·??′′???oì?￥???·μ?1?μ????￥±?è???μ-íü￡?ó?1???±|ó?ê?·??íê?2ü????μ??ˉéí￡?ò??ò????ê?·??íê?2ü??μ??′??￡?òàè?ê?ò????ù??2???μ??°ìa?￡
?????°2ü?òó??êêòμ??ü??1??μ?ú??oì?￥???·?á?ú??μ?ó???·′ó3￡???ê??a????μ?3é·?μ?μ×ó??àéù￡??ò1?μ??÷2??àí??￡?±±±??ó???′ó?§?ìêú?￠oì?§?ò?ü???′?μ?￡
?????ù????￡o??÷ìè?o??üo??aò?è?￡?
?????ú??oì?￥???·??￡?á?÷ìó?oí?|±|??ê?á???×?????μ??????￡ò???ê??°êàía?é?-???ˉá??±￡?ò???ê??°é?????ê??§ó¨???±￡?á???è?2??22??àé???￡??·??è′?÷ó??§???￡
????×???oì?￥???·á÷′???oó￡?????÷ìá?è?μ??à??ò2?÷2?í?￡?óμ÷ì???àè??a÷ìó??ê????±|???úó-￡?÷ìó?3??é??±|????à?￡???óμ?????òè??a±|??èêo???÷ìó????á￡?±|??o?èo??÷ìó?1?°á?￡óéóú??oì?￥???·??′|′|á÷??3?±|÷ì?′?ü?áo?μ?ò?o????é￡?êàè?òò′?ò2?ü?àμ?í??é÷ìó?μ??aó??￡μ???÷ìó?áó??￡?ê???ê???oì?￥???·μ??á????×????ùòéμ??°ìa??ò??￡
????1923?ê￡?óá??2?3?°???oì?￥??±??·￡?êé??ìáμ?á?ò???è?êàè???μ?????μ?1?μ?￡????íê??ú×÷??2ü????μ?????￡???÷ìê?2?·?????μ?￡??°??÷ì????2￠ìá￡?è?á?·?????????·?á÷￡??÷???????a?ü?à???￡?±
????óá??2??úêé????3?￡???áêê?????μ?í?2áμ±??￡???÷ìo??aò?í?￡?o?ó?ò?ê??￡??????è?è′ê?ò?è?ò?í??￡áíía?ú??oì?￥???ú?·μ±??￡???÷ìò2ê?2￠??3?3?￡?2?·??èoóμ??￡
????1952?ê￡?óá??2?????á???oì?￥??±??·￡??ü????oì?￥???????·??ò?2?2?êíá???????÷ì??è?μ??′·¨￡??°??÷ì?ú??°ù?êà′3é?a?é3?????μ????ò￡??ú?úò?′êà?2??é??￡?è′2?á?×÷??òa°?á??ào????aò??￡?±?aò2?íê?oì?§ê·é?????μ??°??÷ìo?ò????±?￡′?′?óá??2?2?μ?ò?ê?á?ò?????·￠??μ??°è?1?óú?°??÷ìò?éí?±μ??úó?￡??1??ò?2?ìáμ???oì?￥???·μú???????′μ??ˉ???é×ó???????í????±|ó?￡??ú±|ó?????￡??a????×ó?°?ê???ü??￡?′ó??±|??￡??á?è·?á÷￡?ó?è?÷ìó??￡?±????μ???×?ò2??×÷?°???à?±?￡?a????ê???÷ì???ào?ò?μ?ò?ó÷?￡
?????°??÷ìo?ò??±??ê???±?á?è????à?êà′????oì?￥???·???a???°?éμ??±μ?3é??￡?μ?óá??2?oü?ì?í?aμ?á??ú?à?￡
????2?éù3??í?????÷ò?àí??1?μ????§?ú?à????óá??2?μ?1?μ?ìá3?òìòé￡?????′ó?×????·?μ?·?·¨à′?′′???÷ì??è?￡?2￠??á?÷ìó??′×÷ê?????×·?°°??é×?óé￡??ò·a?¨à??ì?1?ùμ???×ó￡????|±|???ò±??èê?3éò???1¤óú????￡???óú????μ?·a?¨μàμ??àμàê?￡???ê??????μá?á?÷ìó?oí??±|ó?????μ?′???°??é?￡
?????aò??μ·¨óéóúì?êaμ?àúê·±3?°￡?oü?ì±?í?3?3é?aêí??oì?￥???·????÷ì??è?μ??-μ?????￡?ò??±3???μ?é?êà?í70?ê′ú???￡
??????1úoì?￥???§?á?±?á3¤oú??±ò?ééü?μ￡???×??????a·?′?à′μ?é??á±??ˉ￡??|±|???úè?????????μ????óó?????±??′?-?aò???2??2??è?￡?·?o?′?í3μàμ?1?·?μ?ê??????ó￡???÷ìó?ò2òàè?ê????????????é￡??a?é?ùà§μ?2????￡?????úêé???ù???·??￡???1ü?÷×?ó?×?????2?×?￡?ò2òò′?????oì?￥???·′?à′á?????μ??ú???￡
??????í???￡oo?é?o??????é??
???????é??ê???oì?￥???·??×??a3é??μ?ò???è????￡?ú??áêê?????????μ±??￡???3?3?ííè′è￥êà??￡??°??áêê?????í?2á?±??μ??àó?ó???×???μ??á??ò22￠2?íêè???o?￡??aò2ê?à§è?àú′úoì?§?òμ???ìa?￡
????μ±′ú×÷?òá??????ù???????í?￡???¤?μ￡????é??2￠·?êé???è?′μ?￡?ê?ò???3?éío??￠￡?′óó?ó¤ì?±§????à′μ??úó¤￡???ê?ó?×??àμ±?′?óμ?±3?°?￡
????á?????′óêé???è?′μ????é???ú??ì??ù?1?￠?ò?ó°úéè?￠?àoó×?èùμè·???μ?????ì?òì??′|￡?í??????é??μ?è????-??ê??μ??·?μ?μ?ì?×ó?·μ????ù￡????a??·?ì?×óoí2ü?òμ?1??μ·?3￡?ü??￡??·??×??oμ????ù?????ú2ü?ò?￡
??????òò?a?ê?ò?aí3￡???oì?￥???·??￡????òé??????????é??±í??3?òìo??°3￡μ???êó￡??a2?ó?á????ú?áà?é?3?3??úè?μ?à?ó??￡í?ê±￡????òμ????￥ò2ó?ê???á??a???êêò????ó?×??ü??1??μ￡o?·μ??ù×óo??a￡?ò2?íê????é??è????-??μ?????￡?òò?a?ú????3??ê2?ó?á?ò?′??±??￡??aêü꧰ü?￡??????ê??????é??μ????ü￡?ó?±??a′o??·￠???êμ?￡?òò′????é??2?μ?2?ì?′ó?òà?μ?°2??￡?ò?×?é±?áê?éú?ü?￡
????óéóúá??????ú????μ?êóì¨??°ù?ò?2ì3?·à???2￥?2á?×??o?????é??μ??a·????′·¨￡??úé??á??ò?????′ó·′?ì?￡á??????ù????μ????é??éíêà????ò2òò′?±?3?×÷?°???§?±?￡
?????????°???§?±￡?2?éùoì?§?ò±í′?á?·′??òa??￡?é??á3?á?????ê???μ??°?÷ò??é?±?￡?ú?a??oì?§?ò????￡????é??1ìè?ó??í?à?′?a????￡?μ?2￠2?′ú±í???é??ó??????·?ùó?ê2?′?ü??1??μ￡??ü2??é?üê?·?ì?×ó?????￡êé??ó?1????é??μ??é?ú′??ú???ü??′|￡?2?1?ê?òò?a2ü????3é????oóó?é?è￥á?ò???ó?1???μ??-àú?ì3éμ??￡
????oì?§?ò?ü???′??????á?????ìá3?μ????é??3?éí?ê×?μ??¤??ò?ò??óò?·′2μ?￡?ú?ü?′à′￡????é??ó?è??????ó￡oò???ê????°è?????μ?μ???oì?￥???·?ù?è?′μ????ó￡?áíò???ê???±|ó??úì??é???3????μ?μ??ˉ???é×óμ?????￡?μúè????òê?2ü?????′??é???ê±μ????é???￡
?????ù???ü???′μ????¤￡????é??2?ê??ù??·?ì?×óμ????ù￡????íê?êé???ùê?óaééàé??òμ′óó?ó¤ì?±§à′μ??????￡μ?óéóú2ü????????á??-??￡?òò′?è??????ú?′μ?μ???òμoí???é??μ????ó??·￠éúá?ò???±??ˉ?￡
?????üè??a￡?°′??2ü?????-òa￡????é??±?ê?±??è?′3éò????à???o??μ????ó￡????ì×?×??oμ??à?2￡????a·??é￡?1′ò???×ó￡?×????°òùé￥ìì???￥?±?￡é??á???é??μ??°òù?±ó?????ì?±?ê???1ú??μ?°üí?ó??±?ó1??μ?￡μ??ú????oóμ?êé????￡??a???é?ú??±?é?è￥á?￡????é??3é?aò????°ó?21ìì??2?è′??21ìì???üμ?éù???±￡?′óò???·??¨??μ?è?????3éá????¨??μ?ò?ê????ó￡?μ??1ê?á???á?ò????-ó?μ?·??¨??o??￡?￡
?????ù??2???μ?????1?μ?￡?????oì?￥???·??ìíá?????μ?÷èá|?￡?ú?ü???′?′à′￡?è????ú???ú?a??ê±′ú????oì?￥???·μ?àí?a?÷?ò?à?a￡??÷????1?μ?2?3?2???￡?????oì?￥???·μ??a?áò?2?′??úμ￥ò?μ?±ê×??￡
??????1úoì?￥???§?á?±?á3¤oú??±òò2è??a￡???oì?￥???·?íê?ò?2?·′ó3ò???ê±′úò???é??áè?éú°ùì?μ?°ù??è?êé?￡?ú?a??°ù??è?êéμ±??￡??÷é?è?μè?éò??|?￠???￠?-?￠???￠3??￠×í?￠???￠o¨?￠???￠éμ?￠μ???????è????ú×?óéμ??1??è?éúμ?????×?ì??￡??
