????(éù?÷￡o?ˉó?????1ú?????ü?ˉ?·???????-êé??êúè¨)

?????à1936?ê10??19è??3??ê?êà￡?ò??-70?ü?êá??￡

?????3??ê?ò???éú???ú?±??×a?íê±?úμ???1ú??è??￡????íé±???1úμ?ó???￡?????íá??1úμ??3áμ￡???′?í3??1ú???ˉμ?μ??2￡???1ú??áó?ù??μ??ú??￡??????üê???μ??ìì?￡???×??ò???μμ?·′ê????aò???￡???ó?μ±ê±??1úμ??í?à?aê?·?×ó??é????ê?àò????￡

?????3????é??áμ?ó°?ì￡?×?′óμ?ê±oò2??ú???úêàê±?￡?3????oóμ?70?ê??￡?±?μ±×÷?ì??ê÷á￠×?μ??3??￡?ó°?ìá???′ú??1úè?￡?ì?±?ê???1ú??è?μ???é????êò??°±í′??°1??￡

?????3??ó?í?ê±′úμ?oúêê￡?′ú±íá?μ±ê±?aê?·?×óá???2?í?μ?á￠3?oí???ê?￡????μ?2?í?????￡?????1ú??3éá?2?í??·??μ?ó°?ì?￡??è??3??????????ó??ù?μ￡?oúêêμ?????ê?3￡ì?è?éúμ?????￡??3???òê?·?3￡ì?μ??￡?ú?3????ê§á?μ?μ?·?￡?oúêê±?í1??3???μ?òaò??￡òaêáàí??1ú?°±???′ú?ˉ?±μ?àú3ì??×???÷èá|μ?òò×ó￡??3??ó?oúêêμ??￥21??ê???òaμ??￡?ò?í￡?1ú????é????üμ???í?￡?????ê?????μ?μì?ùè??￡

????70?êoóμ?????á?′?

????ê±??70?ê￡??a??±?2????a?á2????ó?á2￠2???ò????ùòéμ???×??°??×÷?·￡??1ó??-?ú?á￡?

????ò?μúü????1?￠ò?μú?¨?1?é?￠ò???????￡?8?a???￡?°í??ùμ???μà￡??ìoà??μê1óμ?oü?????￡?±38?êμ?3???á???×ó2???￡???ê?μ?á3?′é?è￥ó????3??μ??°ò??￡?±?￡

?????aê?éü??ò?ì?±?????×óà?μ??òò×??3??ì￡?íù?°2????íê??3??1ê?ó?￡éü??è?3???á???ììò???è???3μ′?ó??í2?1?1?3????aéú￡?ê?è?2?′í?￡?aá???1??í×?μ?ó?￡????áá?oü?àêé￡?°üà¨????éü????è?′????￡

?????°éü??è???￡??ò×?3?°?2ì?a?à￡??3??ò2á?2???￡?μ???′??3??￡?éü??ì?????á?￡??±

?????°?????±￡?ê?3???á????3???°??×′?±μ?×ü?á?￡?aà?ó??????3??1êà????±μ??￠′ê￡?2003?êò??°￡????±ê?30?a￡???oó??μ?60?a￡????ê8?????±ó???μ?á?80?a?￡

?????????ù????μ?2ì?a?à1ê?ó???±ê?5?a￡?í?????1ê?óò2ê?5?a￡??°éü????è?81￡??3??ê?áúí·￡?à′éü????ó?μ?è????aá??′??￡?è?oó2?è￥????μ?·??￡?±3???á??μ?￡

?????ó±?éü??

????éü??è??1ê????¤?3??μ?￡?18?ê±?à??aéü??μ??3???ú??ê??êoó?a?ò??′?à′á??ù???÷?a?a????oí2????￡

????3???á???μ?￡??üá??êμ??3??1ê?ó2?1?μ?è?ê???à′???àá?￡??ú???ó×?μ?è????·￡???ìì??ó???ó?′ó°íí￡???ú??à?￡??a?ú?°á??ê?12??à???￡

????ó???ó??í3?à′oó±§?1￡??¨á??a?′?à??2??′?a?′μ??ù???÷￡?3???á?·￠??oü?àó??í???aμàó??3???a??è?￡?μ??ü?àμ?2￠2?á??a??￡?3???á??-3￡?′μ?ó?ó??í°??ìoà??μê???°μ??×òò?o??μ±×÷?3??à′3?o??￡

?????úéü??3?à?￡?±é2?×?ò??3??×÷?·è????ü??μ?μê?ì￡?°￠3¤?è?èíáì?2ú???￠????é?íáì?2ú???￠?éá?é??′???????￠3ˉ?¨êé????????×?ó????a1?óú?×òò?o?￡?úéü??3?à?￡??×òò?o?°′ú???±á?17ààéì?·￡?′óò?ê3·?×°μ??ò?ó2ú?·?￡

??????í3??￡??3??×÷?·?????°ó?45??è????￠μ???±??à×￠?aéì±ê?￡????ò?????μ??ìoà??μêò2ò?3é3¤?a?ìoà?ˉí?￡??-óa(chǎn)·??§oá??2íò??￠??ó??￠???3?￠ê3?·?ó1¤?￡

?????é?′±?ê?μ±μ?μ?à?è?￡????3??μ?á??aò2·?3￡??éùá??￡?°?áéù?3??′??ˉá??ò??μ??-??￡??ùò??ê?áè??????1ê?oü3?°?μ??￡?±3???á??μ?￡

?????°?úéü??ó????μ·¨￡??3??(1ê?ó)?àμ±óú±±??μ?1ê1?￡?μ?á??aò??¨òaà′?′?′μ??￡???úéü??ê?????áù×?μ??êìaê?￡oè?o?°?ó??í′ó?3??1êà?·?á÷μ?±?′|è￥?±￡??úéü???3???í??1??±1?3¤?ì??2¨μ???ò???￡?80?ê′úoí90?ê′ú￡????êà′2?1??3??1ê?óμ?è????ú30íòè?′?×óóò￡????ú???ê???a100íòè?′??￡

?????°???ò1?2ì￡?′ó?àê?ó??í?aμà?3??ê??-￡?2??°éú￡?μ??ù??ì??í2??aμàá??￡?±?ì??2¨?μ?￡

?????-?1?ú?á?3??￡?

?????ú?3??1êà?ê??±′°?ú?°￡?????à′×????-′????§?oμ???o￠×ó?′á??′???±￡?ó???óì?￥?￡???????3??μ±è?ó??óé??ì￡?′ó??μ?′óμ??ì??êé????ó???μ??????￡?°μ?3?á???′ó°ù2??°μ?è???êé???·??é??·?·????ó?éú??è¤??μ?????￡?????μ???2??2???￡?±????ò???????1????a?ù???????μ?￡à′éü??￡?????μ???μ?ê????′?′1?3????￠à?·?×ó?￠??è?1ê?ó￡??3???a?a2￠2?ê?ר3ìμ???μ??￡

????éò???2￡?é?o￡?3?????§3??????§é?μ?é?3¤￡??????3??μ??à??ê??°??ò×?üè??￠·?3￡°?1ú?￠1?°??à?ê?±?￡?ú?a′?3??????§é?μ??????áé?￡??§éú?ùà??3??μ?????ê±￡??à?á?μμ??°??′ó°ù2??°μ?è???êé???·?±￡?μ????ü??à¨3??3???°°?1ú?￠°??à?êμ??????±?￡

???????ú??????±???×??2°?μ?×÷?òê±￡???????ó??a?3???ùê??￡??1ü?3??è?è?ê?×÷?·è??????§??±?μ?ê?á?×??àμ?×÷?ò(?ù???÷μ??ì2?2?í?￡????ú16?á20?a??)?￡μ??à??ò?íù￡??aê?ò????ú??éùμ?ê?á??￡???μ?ú?§éú??ó????3?úá?￡???ó?????ê?ó?á???￡?ò?????????￡??????üê÷è??￡

????é?o￡?3?????§ó????ì??×é×é3¤ò?íò??è??a￡??3??à??§éúó???ò￡??￡?éú????±?á?￡??§éúò22??úo?×÷??ê??-￡??????úòaμ?ê??????ü·?′ò?ˉ??￡???è??3??2?ê?????ê??é?-òaμ?×÷?ò?￡

?????úé?o￡?3?????§￡?′ó???ê5??μ?10??￡?ó??3??ó?1?μ????ˉ?§?￡?í?a?1á?10?????à￡????§?￡à?ê|?ééü￡????ˉμ???μ?ê??°?aá?·￠?1?§éúμ??·μ?????￡?è??§éú?§?á×?è?￡?×???êμμ?′ó?′μ?è??±?￡

?????????°￡?±±???3?????§ó????ì??×é3¤?￡?a??39?êμ??3????μ±?ê??ó?ò????à??μ?1¤×ê?òá?ò?ì×???3??è??ˉ?·?￡?úé????????°￡??????3??μ?ó??óê??°?????úé??￠ó???±??¤?￠±3?°?￡o??±?￡?±μ???è?±±???3?????§￡?óéóú1¤×÷μ??èòa2??aê?′óá????á?3??×÷?·￡????3???ü????è?ê?oó???aê??2?????3???￡?????ù?a￡??ú???ù?úó???×é??￡?ó????3??è??ˉ?·μ?o?????ó???ò?è?￡????3??????è¤μ??à?ê?ìê|?üéù?￡ò????à?ê?ìê|?ú?ì?3??×÷?·ê±?ù±??íê???±??????￡

????±±???3?????§?a?a?°éíê??3?????-è??ìμ?1úá￠±±??′ó?§??×óê|·??§?o?￡?????°?μ￡????úμ??§éú?ú?§?°?3??×÷?·ê±￡?è?è??ú??μ±3?ò??ù?????￡à?ê|?ú?2?3??μ?????ê±￡?oüéù?ü????μ??§éúó?·′?ì￡????ú?ì??ì×??è??·??ê?2????·ê±￡??a????ó|oü?÷???￡

????50?ê?°?§éúμ?ì??èè′íêè??à·′￡??°?ú?òé?3???ê±￡??3??ê??ò??μ?°??ù￡??ò??éú???ú2?é???μ??????￡?±á???￡?é?o￡?3???§?￡?±?￡3¤?￡é?3???ê±??·ê????ó?oìó?רμ??ê′ú?￡°′éü???3???í??1??±1?3¤?ì??2¨μ??μ·¨￡??°?3???ú??ê±ê???ê±é?è????±?￡

???????3??￡?á???oí??μ?í??§ó?×??ˉì?μ???ò?￡?????μ??°???ü?ò?±ê?×???òaμ?￡?ò2ê????????§?ò?ù2???±?μ??￡2?1?￡????ú?3???úá???????ò2·￠éúá?±??ˉ￡??a??±??ˉê??°???ü?ò?±μ?μ-?ˉoí???3????ò?2?μ??×?ü?￡

?????aê?2?í?ê±′úè????3???é??μ?±??¨￡??a??±??ˉ?′±????a?￡?úé?o￡?3?????§???§é??ù°ìμ??ú?ˉ??°ù2??°?·à?￡??????áμ?á??§éú??????ì???è′2?·|??2êμ?????ó???±ê￡???????ó?????????μ??ù?????￠ó???×ˉ×ó?°?éêòéú°×?±μ??????ò?￠ò2ó?ó?è?ê?μ??°ó??è?ìò??·è?à?×?oóμ?í????ì?a?-?-???aò???ó??3????1??￡

?????-?1?ú?????3??￡?

??????óú?3??￡?ò??±??ó?ê?á??ú?àμ??÷????ê?μ???′??￠?2ê?oí??ò?￡?μ?á??3??μ???×ó?a?a?üá?·é?èéú??ó?á?μ?μ?ê?￡??3??ê?êà70?ê??oó￡??ú??ó?1ù·??÷μ?μ??é????￡?è?è?ó?′óá?μ???ì????3??????1?×￠oí±¨μà?￡

????é?o￡?3???í??1?1?3¤??á°????????￡????ú???êà′é?o￡?3???í??1?2?1?μ?è?ê???′?10íòè?′?ò?é?￡?????′ó2005?êμ?2006?ê10??￡?1??úè?ê?′?29íòè?′??￡oíéü??ò??ù￡?è?èo???-±????÷á÷μ??§éúoíμ￥??±èà??aê????μ￡?????í¨???ú?aê????à?￡

???????-′ó?§è????§?o?????ìêúò2ó?àà??????￡??°?ú?-àú90?ê′úμ?μí1è??oó￡?óè???üá??ê￡??3??ó??aê???à′á??±?￡?°???úò????ê?áμ???ê?éúoí2?ê?éúó??aê?°??3??×÷?a????μ?ìa???±?￡?????ú2001?êê±??×÷1?ò?????·??§μ?μ÷2é￡??á1???ê?￡?????ò?é????ˉμ?è???￡?80%μ?è??á1?ò????3??μ?×÷?·￡?2￠?a??ò????3??μ??????￡??????ò??????ˉμ?è?èo??￡??aμà?3??μ?è?′ó??2?μ?50%￡?????′ó?àê????aμà?3??μ???×?￡??ò???aμà??ê???×÷?ò?￡

?????°?3??μ?ó°?ì￡??1ê??ú?áêéè?￡???í¨???ú1?×￠μ?2??à?￡?±±±???3??2???1??±1?3¤??ó??μ￡??ú??í¨μ????ú??ò2ó?ò???×·?ó????μ??á???ú?á?3??μ?×÷?·￡??°??2?1?????2??μ￡?????ê?3á??μ?′ó?àê??±?￡

??????±±???a?íí?êéê?3??????ùí3????ê?￡?ó??3???à1?μ?í?êéè?è?ê?èè?úêéoí3??úêé￡??????üá??ê3?°?μ?ò???é￠???ˉ?￠??°￠Q??′??·μ￥??±??￠?3???á±?μè?úá????úíò2áò?é??￡

??????è??????§3?°?é?óúè￥?êμ×í?3?μ?×???°????3??è??ˉ?·￡?2?μ?ò??ê?úá?ò??-′?μ?á?íòóàì×?￡

?????ú′????°￡?è??????§3?°?é??ú?a·?ò?oó123?°?1?è???°?±?μ????3??è??ˉ?·￡?×üó?ê????a34íòì×?￡è??????§3?°?é???′ú2??÷è?í?o￡2¨?ééü￡?è??ˉ·￠??ê?á???′?óú?3??μ?ê?°í??oíà?éá￡??úá?è′???úò?íòì××óóò?￡

?????úo?1ú?￠è?±??￠?íà′?÷???￠???ó???￠????μèμ?￡????3??μ?????ò23é?aèèμ??￡ì?±?ê??ú??°??3??μ???×÷×÷?a??êéμ?ì¨í?￡??aá??ê?3??×÷?·ò2±?μ?·?3￡3??ú?￡

???????aí??|μ?·???￡?ò2?íì¨í?μ?????è?ê??èòa?3????????à?μ???′?à′?a?o?ùó??￡

????(à′?′￡o????1ú?????ü?ˉ?·￡?o?????￡?